注意
前往末尾以下載完整的範例程式碼。
繪製二維資料集的信賴橢圓形#
此範例示範如何使用皮爾森相關係數繪製二維資料集的信賴橢圓形。
這裡解釋並證明了取得正確幾何圖形的方法
https://carstenschelp.github.io/2018/09/14/Plot_Confidence_Ellipse_001.html
此方法避免使用迭代特徵值分解演算法,並利用標準化共變異數矩陣(由皮爾森相關係數和 1 組成)特別容易處理的事實。
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
from matplotlib.patches import Ellipse
import matplotlib.transforms as transforms
繪圖函數本身#
此函數會繪製給定類陣列變數 x 和 y 的共變異數的信賴橢圓形。橢圓形會繪製到給定的軸物件 *ax* 中。
橢圓形的半徑可以由 n_std 控制,n_std 是標準差的數目。預設值為 3,如果資料像這些範例中一樣呈常態分佈,則此值會讓橢圓形包含 98.9% 的點 (1D 中的 3 個標準差包含 99.7% 的資料,在 2D 中為 98.9% 的資料)。
def confidence_ellipse(x, y, ax, n_std=3.0, facecolor='none', **kwargs):
"""
Create a plot of the covariance confidence ellipse of *x* and *y*.
Parameters
----------
x, y : array-like, shape (n, )
Input data.
ax : matplotlib.axes.Axes
The Axes object to draw the ellipse into.
n_std : float
The number of standard deviations to determine the ellipse's radiuses.
**kwargs
Forwarded to `~matplotlib.patches.Ellipse`
Returns
-------
matplotlib.patches.Ellipse
"""
if x.size != y.size:
raise ValueError("x and y must be the same size")
cov = np.cov(x, y)
pearson = cov[0, 1]/np.sqrt(cov[0, 0] * cov[1, 1])
# Using a special case to obtain the eigenvalues of this
# two-dimensional dataset.
ell_radius_x = np.sqrt(1 + pearson)
ell_radius_y = np.sqrt(1 - pearson)
ellipse = Ellipse((0, 0), width=ell_radius_x * 2, height=ell_radius_y * 2,
facecolor=facecolor, **kwargs)
# Calculating the standard deviation of x from
# the squareroot of the variance and multiplying
# with the given number of standard deviations.
scale_x = np.sqrt(cov[0, 0]) * n_std
mean_x = np.mean(x)
# calculating the standard deviation of y ...
scale_y = np.sqrt(cov[1, 1]) * n_std
mean_y = np.mean(y)
transf = transforms.Affine2D() \
.rotate_deg(45) \
.scale(scale_x, scale_y) \
.translate(mean_x, mean_y)
ellipse.set_transform(transf + ax.transData)
return ax.add_patch(ellipse)
正相關、負相關和弱相關#
請注意,弱相關(右)的形狀是橢圓形,而不是圓形,因為 x 和 y 的縮放比例不同。但是,橢圓形的軸與座標系的 x 軸和 y 軸對齊,這表示 x 和 y 不相關。
np.random.seed(0)
PARAMETERS = {
'Positive correlation': [[0.85, 0.35],
[0.15, -0.65]],
'Negative correlation': [[0.9, -0.4],
[0.1, -0.6]],
'Weak correlation': [[1, 0],
[0, 1]],
}
mu = 2, 4
scale = 3, 5
fig, axs = plt.subplots(1, 3, figsize=(9, 3))
for ax, (title, dependency) in zip(axs, PARAMETERS.items()):
x, y = get_correlated_dataset(800, dependency, mu, scale)
ax.scatter(x, y, s=0.5)
ax.axvline(c='grey', lw=1)
ax.axhline(c='grey', lw=1)
confidence_ellipse(x, y, ax, edgecolor='red')
ax.scatter(mu[0], mu[1], c='red', s=3)
ax.set_title(title)
plt.show()

不同數目的標準差#
n_std = 3(藍色)、2(紫色)和 1(紅色)的圖
fig, ax_nstd = plt.subplots(figsize=(6, 6))
dependency_nstd = [[0.8, 0.75],
[-0.2, 0.35]]
mu = 0, 0
scale = 8, 5
ax_nstd.axvline(c='grey', lw=1)
ax_nstd.axhline(c='grey', lw=1)
x, y = get_correlated_dataset(500, dependency_nstd, mu, scale)
ax_nstd.scatter(x, y, s=0.5)
confidence_ellipse(x, y, ax_nstd, n_std=1,
label=r'$1\sigma$', edgecolor='firebrick')
confidence_ellipse(x, y, ax_nstd, n_std=2,
label=r'$2\sigma$', edgecolor='fuchsia', linestyle='--')
confidence_ellipse(x, y, ax_nstd, n_std=3,
label=r'$3\sigma$', edgecolor='blue', linestyle=':')
ax_nstd.scatter(mu[0], mu[1], c='red', s=3)
ax_nstd.set_title('Different standard deviations')
ax_nstd.legend()
plt.show()

使用關鍵字引數#
使用為 matplotlib.patches.Patch
指定的關鍵字引數,以便以不同的方式呈現橢圓形。
fig, ax_kwargs = plt.subplots(figsize=(6, 6))
dependency_kwargs = [[-0.8, 0.5],
[-0.2, 0.5]]
mu = 2, -3
scale = 6, 5
ax_kwargs.axvline(c='grey', lw=1)
ax_kwargs.axhline(c='grey', lw=1)
x, y = get_correlated_dataset(500, dependency_kwargs, mu, scale)
# Plot the ellipse with zorder=0 in order to demonstrate
# its transparency (caused by the use of alpha).
confidence_ellipse(x, y, ax_kwargs,
alpha=0.5, facecolor='pink', edgecolor='purple', zorder=0)
ax_kwargs.scatter(x, y, s=0.5)
ax_kwargs.scatter(mu[0], mu[1], c='red', s=3)
ax_kwargs.set_title('Using keyword arguments')
fig.subplots_adjust(hspace=0.25)
plt.show()

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